Catecholaminergic transmission plays an essential role in both physiological and pathological cognitive functions. Plastic changes subserving learning and memory processes are highly dependent on catecholaminergic activity, altering their function and impacting cognition. This review assesses changes in the dopaminergic and norepinephrine systems as part of the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease as associated with metabolic dysfunctions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and neuroinflammation and peripheral inflammation. Understanding the role of catecholaminergic systems in these conditions is relevant for identifying etiological factors that could advance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for ameliorating cognitive alterations, disease onset, and progression.